John Cage (1912-1992)
Swinging
Cheap Imitation
Cheap Imitation (arr. M. Feldmann)
Perpetual Tango
All sides of the small stone for Erik Satie and (secretly given to Jim Tenney) as a koan

Aki Takahashi, piano
Margaret Lancaster, flûtes
David Shively, glockenspiel

C’est avec Socrate que John Cage (1912-1992) s’initie à la musique d’Erik Satie, plus séduit par la subtilité vocale de la pièce que par l’excentricité du compositeur, interpellé par l’humilité et l’esprit de renonciation – caractéristiques alors plutôt éloignées de sa propre flamboyance hasardeuse. Cage joue Satie à son ami Merce Cunningham, qui crée une danse solo pour Socrate mais s’arrête au premier mouvement (jouée pour la première fois en 1944) : pour les deux autres parties, il imagine une chorégraphie à plusieurs danseurs mais, alors ses débuts, il n’est pas encore à la tête d’une compagnie avec laquelle développer sa vision. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, Cunningham s’est largement fait un nom et Cage revient avec l’idée de Socrate, cette fois dans un timing plus favorable : le chorégraphe reprend la partie solo et y ajoute un duo et, pour le troisième mouvement, un ballet qui implique l’ensemble de sa troupe. Mais l’éditeur de Satie, non seulement refuse la transcription proposée par Cage, mais aussi l’octroi des droits de représentation de la partition originale. Pour contourner le problème, Cage (dont la flamboyance n’est pas qu’hasardeuse) écrit une pièce pour piano calquée sur la structure (métrique et phrases) de Socrate, mais avec ses propres notes : ainsi naît Cheap Imitation – titre auquel répond, tout aussi ironique, le Second Hand du ballet de Cunningham. (Bernard Vincken)

Cage, Satie, Feldmann, Takahashi sums up the focus of this album. All of these works by Cage are influenced by Satie. Cage’s friend and colleague Morton Feldman made an arrangement of Cage’s solo piano “Cheap Imitation” for a trio of piano, flutes/piccolo and glockenspiel. Feldman’s admiration for the pianist Aki Takahashi caused him to gift this arrangement to her. And, full circle, we have the repertoire of this album. The major discovery is Feldman’s arrangement of Cheap Imitation for this very Feldmanesque instrumental ensemble. It is unknown why Feldman made this arrangement in 1980. Knowing of Takahashi’s reputation as a pianist specializing in new music, Feldman had invited her to be an artist in residence at the university where he taught. When she was leaving, Feldman gave a musical score to Takahashi as a gift. It was a copy of John Cage’s solo piano piece Cheap Imitation with annotations by Feldman. He told her that this was an instrumental version of this piece: flute, piano, and glockenspiel. He signed the title page, just under the original title: INSTRUMENTAL VERSION (Fl, Pf, Glock) Morton Feldman Buffalo, N.Y. Winter 1980 Dedicated to Aki Takahashi. Cage was to create a two-piano transcription of Erik Satie’s Socrate for a Merce Cunningham choreography, but he was unable to get permission from the publisher. Even worse, he could not even get performance rights to use the published piano-vocal score of Socrate. Cage’s creative solution was to make a piano piece that maintained the exact metrical and phrase structure of Socrate, but with different notes to avoid copyright issues. He called this piece Cheap Imitation. Cunningham responded by calling his dance Second Hand. The recital is completed by three short works under Satie’s influence. Perpetual Tango is derived from the “Tango” movement of Satie’s Sports et divertissements. Cage’s method was to take the rhythm of the original tango and erase parts of it. He does not specify pitches, but instead gives the pitch ranges of the original piece. The pianist chooses which pitches to play in the rhythm given. In 1989 he applied the same procedure on another piece from Sports et divertissements, “The swing;” he titled the result Swinging. All sides of the small stone… is a composition with a completely unknown history, derived from Satie’s Gymnopédies. All we have is a page of musical manuscript written in the back of a score of a work by American composer James Tenney with the signature “John” and the date “7/78.” The manuscript was discovered when Tenney’s papers were being organized after his death. It has been attributed to Cage, but the handwriting doesn’t look like his. Neither Cage nor Tenney — nor anyone else, for that matter — said a word about this piece, so its definitive composer will remain a mystery. Aki Takahashi gives the first recording of this unpublished work.